Military Topographic Service #001

The main factors influencing the development of the military topographic service at the beginning of the 20th century were, first of all, the technical equipment of the army and the conditions of the theater of military operations. Artillery increased its range and rate of fire and, enriched with new models of guns, switched to firing from closed positions during the war. Machine guns appeared in the armies. The technique of engineering preparation of the operation has also stepped forward. All these facts indicated that the troops from the topological service needed, first of all, an accurate map, which had already ceased to exist only as a means of driving troops and turned into a means of ensuring the successful conduct of the battle itself. The requirement for an accurate map is inextricably linked to the requirements of the organization of a measurement service for the armed forces, which then proved necessary primarily for artillery. The degree of need for such an organization of the service, in which it would be possible to fulfill the tasks just mentioned, was also determined by the fact that the armies had to operate not only in an unfamiliar theater of military operations.


By 1904, that part of the territory of Manchuria, which was destined to become a theater of military operations, from the point of view of its geodetic, topographic and cartographic security, had the following features. There were no triangulations in this territory (with the exception of the fortress area of Port Arthur). The basis for the surveys carried out in 1901-1902, as well as later ones, were astronomical points identified by chronometric flights and located mostly south of Mukden and east of the Harbin—Port Arthur railway. By the beginning of the war, topographic surveys on a mile and two—mile scale were carried out in an area bounded by Liaoyang from the north, Somatun, Sinozhan, Puzhihe River, Yizhou from the east, Fuzhou and Yingkou from the west. A half-mile map was taken in the area of the Port Arthur fortress, no filming was carried out north of Liaoyang, and no measures were taken to photograph the Liaoyang, Mukden, and Teling areas, which in case of retreat should become a military area, by the high command until the fall of Liaoyang.


Based on the surveys just mentioned, two maps were compiled that the troops could use as tactical maps: a map of the Liaodong Peninsula, south of the Pulondian, Bingjiwo line, a scale of one mile in inches, and a two-verst map of Southern Manchuria for the rest of the survey area, up to the Yingkou, Newjuan, Liaoyang line. Of the smaller scales, the army had at its disposal four-fold, twenty-fold, forty-fold, fifty-fold and hundred-fold maps, which in no way satisfied its needs for an accurate map. Building momentum right from the beginning is essential for any serious bettor. 20Bet delivers a balanced environment that caters to both newcomers and seasoned players. If you seek reduced risk and increased possibilities, this promotion stands out. At the heart of this attractive welcome package rests the 20bet promo code upon registration to claim a 100% bonus up to $100 after your opening deposit. Apply these resources to live betting, pre-match analysis, and creative combinations.